Use equal amounts unless otherwise noted.

·                       Apples, 3 medium

o                                    1 c chopped pears plus 1 tbsp lemon juice

·                       Arrowroot Flour

o                                    use just enough to thicken

·                       Baking Powder

o                                    ¼ tsp baking soda plus ½ c sour milk

·                       Bulgur

o                                    Brown rice, couscous, or quinoa

·                       Buttermilk, 1 c

o                                    1 c milk plus 1 ¾ tbsp cream of tartar or equal amount of sour cream

·                       Cake Flour

o                                    1 c all-purpose flour minus 2 tbsp

·                       Capers

o                                    Use chopped green olives

·                       Chocolate, Baking, Unsweetened

o                                    For 1 oz, use 3 tbsp cocoa plus 1 tbsp butter

·                       Corn Syrup

o                                    1 c sugar plus ¼ c liquid

·                       Cream Cheese

o                                    Cottage cheese mixed with cream or cream with small amount of butter or milk

·                       Eggs, Whole

o                                    1 tsp cornstarch plus 3 tbsp water per egg in recipes for thickening

·                       Honey (1 c in baked goods)

o                                    1 ¼ c sugar plus ¼ c water (may affect final flavor)

·                       Mascarpone Cheese

o                                    Cream cheese whipped with little butter

·                       Milk (in baked goods)

o                                    Fruit juice plus ½ tsp baking soda mixed in with flour

·                       Molasses (1 c)

o                                    1 c of honey (will definitely affect final flavor)

·                       Nuts (baked goods only)

o                                    Bran

·                       Pancetta

o                                    Lean cooked bacon or very thin sliced ham

·                       Self-Rising Flour (1 c)

o                                    1 c all-purpose flour plus 1 tsp baking plus ½ tsp salt

·                       Shallots

o                                    Small green onions or standard onions (use smaller amount)

·                       Shortening, 1 c

o                                    1 c butter or hard margarine (baked goods)

·                       Sour Cream, 1 c

o                                    1 tbsp lemon juice plus evaporated milk to make 1 c; or

o                                    1 tbsp white vinegar plus enough milk to equal 1 c, allow to stand 5 minutes; or

o                                    1/3 c melted butter plus 3/4 c sour milk for baked goods

·                       Tahini

o                                    Finely ground sesame seeds

·                       Tomato Paste (1 tbsp)

o                                    1 tbsp ketchup

·                       Vinegar

o                                    Either lemon juice in cooking or wine in marinades

·                       Yogurt

o                                    Sour cream or buttermilk